TY - GEN
T1 - Development and Exploration of Extracellular Matrix Biomarkers for Steatotic Liver Disease
T2 - Industrial PhD Thesis
AU - Lønsmann, Ida
PY - 2025/1/24
Y1 - 2025/1/24
N2 - Background: Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is increasing in prevalence global-ly. Both risk-stratification, screening of patients, and the development of new drugs for its treatment remain big challenges. The liver biopsy is the current gold standard for assessing SLD and drug efficacy, but it has several draw-backs including inter- and intra-observer variability, risk of bleeding, invasive-ness, and heterogeneity. One way to improve patient stratification is to find better diagnostic, pharmacodynamic, and effective non-invasive tests (NIT) to aid in precision medicine. Liver fibrosis best predicts mortality in SLD and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the liver. The ECM consist of a deep interstitial matrix with and a basement membrane directly underly-ing epithelial and endothelial cells. Fibrillar collagens, such as type III colla-gen, are found in the interstitial matrix, while network-forming collagens, type IV and VIII, are found in the basement membrane. Upon liver injury compo-nents associated with the two compartments are accumulated in the liver forming liver fibrosis. Aims and hypothesis: The main hypothesis was that blood-based ECM biomarkers assessing turnover of perisinusoidal or bridging fibrosis reflect different stages of liver fibrosis pathophysiology. Hence, they are potential non-invasive tools to screen and monitor patients with SLD. Three research ques-tions were raised to test this hypothesis: 1) Is the collagen chaperone of interstitial matrix type III collagen, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a potential novel serological ECM biomarker of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with SLD? 2) Are ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis reflective of early pathophysi-ology in patients with SLD? 3) May the interstitial matrix ECM biomarker of type III collagen, PRO-C3, aid in improving current screening strategies for advanced liver fibrosis in patients with SLD? The aims of the thesis were to 1) Develop and validate a novel ELISA target-ing HSP47 for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with SLD, 2) Evalu-ate the relevance of ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis in patients with early-stage SLD, and 3) Examine whether ECM biomarkers may improve current screening strategies for advanced liver fibrosis in the general population.Methods: An HSP47-C ELISA was developed employing a monoclonal anti-body against the C-terminal of HSP47. It was validated on robustness, accuracy and precision against the antigen. Then, the biomarker was evaluated in a biopsy-controlled cross-sectional study of 281 patients with SLD and a history of alcohol overuse. Liver biopsies from the SLD population were scored by a pathologist and serological levels of HSP47-C compared across fibrosis stag-es (0-4). In a cross-sectional study, PRO-C4 and C4M were assessed in 97 patients spanning disease stages and compared to liver histology at early- and late-stage SLD, respectively. In another cohort, ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis (PRO-C4, C4M, and PRO-C8) were evaluated retrospectively in a co-hort of 70 patients with severe obesity and SLD with mild-to-moderate fibrosis (F0-2) undergoing bariatric surgery. Blood samples were collected at time of surgery, three, six and 12 months after surgery. 40 patients had a second biopsy at 12-months follow-up. Biomarker levels were analyzed at baseline as well as longitudinally to assess treatment-induced changes. Lastly, the ADAPT score based on the type III collagen formation biomarker, PRO-C3, was included in a screening pathway for SLD in the general population. 5860 patients with LSM available were included in the analysis. Patients with LSM≥8 kPa were invited for a liver biopsy. We compared screening path-ways using the commonly used FIB-4 or the PRO-C3-based ADAPT score alone or in sequence to find patients with advanced fibrosis (F≥3). In a sub-group analysis, ADAPT was compared to another direct marker of fibrosis formation, the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score. Additionally, the two scores were combined as a parallel screening test.Results: An ELISA was successfully developed for HSP47-C and validated to be robust, precise, and accurate without interference from common serum proteins. The median HSP47-C increased with increasing severity of liver fibrosis. It was able to separate patients with mild-to-moderate fibrosis (F0-2) from patients with advanced fibrosis (F3-4) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.72. In the cross-sectional study, PRO-C4 and C4M increased with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS), but only in patients with early-stage SLD. Patients scheduled for bariatric surgery the ECM biomarkers of peris-inusoidal fibrosis, PRO-C4, C4M, and PRO-C8, decreased significantly after surgery, while the ECM interstitial matrix marker, PRO-C3, remained stable. Sequential use of FIB-4 and ADAPT increased positive predictive values and referrals into secondary care. The subgroup analysis showed that parallel use of ADAPT and ELF following FIB-4 assessment reduced the number of un-necessary referrals from primary to secondary care by 80%, only missing few cases of advanced fibrosis.Conclusion: ECM biomarkers of different ECM processes reflect different aspects of SLD. ECM biomarkers of basement membrane turnover are reflective of early SLD pathophysiology, while biomarkers associated with changes in the interstitial matrix and fibrillar collagens are elevated in advanced dis-ease. These direct biomarkers of advanced fibrosis might be used clinically to improve screening strategies of SLD in at-risk population.
AB - Background: Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is increasing in prevalence global-ly. Both risk-stratification, screening of patients, and the development of new drugs for its treatment remain big challenges. The liver biopsy is the current gold standard for assessing SLD and drug efficacy, but it has several draw-backs including inter- and intra-observer variability, risk of bleeding, invasive-ness, and heterogeneity. One way to improve patient stratification is to find better diagnostic, pharmacodynamic, and effective non-invasive tests (NIT) to aid in precision medicine. Liver fibrosis best predicts mortality in SLD and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the liver. The ECM consist of a deep interstitial matrix with and a basement membrane directly underly-ing epithelial and endothelial cells. Fibrillar collagens, such as type III colla-gen, are found in the interstitial matrix, while network-forming collagens, type IV and VIII, are found in the basement membrane. Upon liver injury compo-nents associated with the two compartments are accumulated in the liver forming liver fibrosis. Aims and hypothesis: The main hypothesis was that blood-based ECM biomarkers assessing turnover of perisinusoidal or bridging fibrosis reflect different stages of liver fibrosis pathophysiology. Hence, they are potential non-invasive tools to screen and monitor patients with SLD. Three research ques-tions were raised to test this hypothesis: 1) Is the collagen chaperone of interstitial matrix type III collagen, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a potential novel serological ECM biomarker of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with SLD? 2) Are ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis reflective of early pathophysi-ology in patients with SLD? 3) May the interstitial matrix ECM biomarker of type III collagen, PRO-C3, aid in improving current screening strategies for advanced liver fibrosis in patients with SLD? The aims of the thesis were to 1) Develop and validate a novel ELISA target-ing HSP47 for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with SLD, 2) Evalu-ate the relevance of ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis in patients with early-stage SLD, and 3) Examine whether ECM biomarkers may improve current screening strategies for advanced liver fibrosis in the general population.Methods: An HSP47-C ELISA was developed employing a monoclonal anti-body against the C-terminal of HSP47. It was validated on robustness, accuracy and precision against the antigen. Then, the biomarker was evaluated in a biopsy-controlled cross-sectional study of 281 patients with SLD and a history of alcohol overuse. Liver biopsies from the SLD population were scored by a pathologist and serological levels of HSP47-C compared across fibrosis stag-es (0-4). In a cross-sectional study, PRO-C4 and C4M were assessed in 97 patients spanning disease stages and compared to liver histology at early- and late-stage SLD, respectively. In another cohort, ECM biomarkers of perisinusoidal fibrosis (PRO-C4, C4M, and PRO-C8) were evaluated retrospectively in a co-hort of 70 patients with severe obesity and SLD with mild-to-moderate fibrosis (F0-2) undergoing bariatric surgery. Blood samples were collected at time of surgery, three, six and 12 months after surgery. 40 patients had a second biopsy at 12-months follow-up. Biomarker levels were analyzed at baseline as well as longitudinally to assess treatment-induced changes. Lastly, the ADAPT score based on the type III collagen formation biomarker, PRO-C3, was included in a screening pathway for SLD in the general population. 5860 patients with LSM available were included in the analysis. Patients with LSM≥8 kPa were invited for a liver biopsy. We compared screening path-ways using the commonly used FIB-4 or the PRO-C3-based ADAPT score alone or in sequence to find patients with advanced fibrosis (F≥3). In a sub-group analysis, ADAPT was compared to another direct marker of fibrosis formation, the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score. Additionally, the two scores were combined as a parallel screening test.Results: An ELISA was successfully developed for HSP47-C and validated to be robust, precise, and accurate without interference from common serum proteins. The median HSP47-C increased with increasing severity of liver fibrosis. It was able to separate patients with mild-to-moderate fibrosis (F0-2) from patients with advanced fibrosis (F3-4) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.72. In the cross-sectional study, PRO-C4 and C4M increased with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS), but only in patients with early-stage SLD. Patients scheduled for bariatric surgery the ECM biomarkers of peris-inusoidal fibrosis, PRO-C4, C4M, and PRO-C8, decreased significantly after surgery, while the ECM interstitial matrix marker, PRO-C3, remained stable. Sequential use of FIB-4 and ADAPT increased positive predictive values and referrals into secondary care. The subgroup analysis showed that parallel use of ADAPT and ELF following FIB-4 assessment reduced the number of un-necessary referrals from primary to secondary care by 80%, only missing few cases of advanced fibrosis.Conclusion: ECM biomarkers of different ECM processes reflect different aspects of SLD. ECM biomarkers of basement membrane turnover are reflective of early SLD pathophysiology, while biomarkers associated with changes in the interstitial matrix and fibrillar collagens are elevated in advanced dis-ease. These direct biomarkers of advanced fibrosis might be used clinically to improve screening strategies of SLD in at-risk population.
U2 - 10.21996/727a1e2c-8f14-42e6-8bfe-1dd6ee4624dc
DO - 10.21996/727a1e2c-8f14-42e6-8bfe-1dd6ee4624dc
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -