TY - GEN
T1 - Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotypephenotype analyses for improved personalized medicine
AU - Frederiksen, Trine
PY - 2022/5/31
Y1 - 2022/5/31
N2 - The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme is the predominant pathway for the elimination or
bioactivation of numerous drugs. Due to genetic polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene, individuals
display varying degrees of CYP2D6 enzyme activity. This causes variability in drug exposure
which in turn may result in differences in drug efficacy and tolerability. To guide personalized
dosing of CYP2D6 substrates, it is essential to have a good understanding of the impact of
CYP2D6 polymorphism on enzyme activity. The main objective of this PhD project was to quantify
the CYP2D6 activity associated with various CYP2D6 genotypes and alleles by studying the
pharmacokinetics (PK) of three different CYP2D6 substrates and their metabolites.This thesis presents three population pharmacokinetic (popPK) studies characterizing the joint
parent-metabolite PK of vortioxetine, tedatioxetine and brexpiprazole, respectively. Based on
estimates from the final popPK models, the CYP2D6-mediated metabolism was quantified for
more than 2,000 individuals carrying a wide range of CYP2D6 genotypes.The analyses showed that decreased function alleles (e.g. CYP2D6*9, *10, *17 and *41) were
generally associated with a more than 50% reduction of CYP2D6 enzyme activity relative to the
wild-type (CYP2D6*1). Particularly, the CYP2D6*17 and *41 alleles showed lower than expected
enzyme activity across the substrates, while CYP2D6*10 exhibited ~30% enzyme activity relative
to CYP2D6*1 for all three substrates. It is worth highlighting that the normal function allele,
CYP2D6*2, exhibited a substantially decreased enzyme activity in the biotransformation of
brexpiprazole to DM-3412 suggesting substrate-specific activity of this allele. Collectively, the
results indicate that CYP2D6 genotype-phenotype translation schemes could benefit from further
refinement particularly with regards to decreased function alleles and substrate-specific
behaviour.Data from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) unit was used to assess the performance of the
popPK model developed for vortioxetine in a real-life clinical setting. Overall, the validation study
showed a good ability of the popPK model to predict vortioxetine serum concentrations measured
as part of routine clinical practice. The model had a slight tendency to overpredict concentrations,
which may be partly due to the naturalistic nature of the TDM data. Longitudinal reviews of TDM
profiles showed that CYP2D6 poor metabolisers (PMs) had an increased frequency of switching
to an alternative antidepressant compared to normal metabolisers. This was paralleled by significantly higher exposures among the PMs, and therefore the higher rate of treatment switch
might be explained by an increased risk of adverse events caused by supratherapeutic drug
concentrations. While this thesis contributes to the evidence of CYP2D6 genotype-phenotype relationships,
several aspects remain to be addressed. Future studies should aim to evaluate poorly
characterized CYP2D6 alleles and further investigations of the impact of factors such as
pathology, ethnicity, transcription factors and microRNA could contribute to our understanding of
CYP2D6. Lastly, to facilitate successful implementation of pharmacogenetics in the clinic, solid
evidence of cost-effectiveness and adequate technical infrastructure remains to be established.
AB - The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme is the predominant pathway for the elimination or
bioactivation of numerous drugs. Due to genetic polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene, individuals
display varying degrees of CYP2D6 enzyme activity. This causes variability in drug exposure
which in turn may result in differences in drug efficacy and tolerability. To guide personalized
dosing of CYP2D6 substrates, it is essential to have a good understanding of the impact of
CYP2D6 polymorphism on enzyme activity. The main objective of this PhD project was to quantify
the CYP2D6 activity associated with various CYP2D6 genotypes and alleles by studying the
pharmacokinetics (PK) of three different CYP2D6 substrates and their metabolites.This thesis presents three population pharmacokinetic (popPK) studies characterizing the joint
parent-metabolite PK of vortioxetine, tedatioxetine and brexpiprazole, respectively. Based on
estimates from the final popPK models, the CYP2D6-mediated metabolism was quantified for
more than 2,000 individuals carrying a wide range of CYP2D6 genotypes.The analyses showed that decreased function alleles (e.g. CYP2D6*9, *10, *17 and *41) were
generally associated with a more than 50% reduction of CYP2D6 enzyme activity relative to the
wild-type (CYP2D6*1). Particularly, the CYP2D6*17 and *41 alleles showed lower than expected
enzyme activity across the substrates, while CYP2D6*10 exhibited ~30% enzyme activity relative
to CYP2D6*1 for all three substrates. It is worth highlighting that the normal function allele,
CYP2D6*2, exhibited a substantially decreased enzyme activity in the biotransformation of
brexpiprazole to DM-3412 suggesting substrate-specific activity of this allele. Collectively, the
results indicate that CYP2D6 genotype-phenotype translation schemes could benefit from further
refinement particularly with regards to decreased function alleles and substrate-specific
behaviour.Data from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) unit was used to assess the performance of the
popPK model developed for vortioxetine in a real-life clinical setting. Overall, the validation study
showed a good ability of the popPK model to predict vortioxetine serum concentrations measured
as part of routine clinical practice. The model had a slight tendency to overpredict concentrations,
which may be partly due to the naturalistic nature of the TDM data. Longitudinal reviews of TDM
profiles showed that CYP2D6 poor metabolisers (PMs) had an increased frequency of switching
to an alternative antidepressant compared to normal metabolisers. This was paralleled by significantly higher exposures among the PMs, and therefore the higher rate of treatment switch
might be explained by an increased risk of adverse events caused by supratherapeutic drug
concentrations. While this thesis contributes to the evidence of CYP2D6 genotype-phenotype relationships,
several aspects remain to be addressed. Future studies should aim to evaluate poorly
characterized CYP2D6 alleles and further investigations of the impact of factors such as
pathology, ethnicity, transcription factors and microRNA could contribute to our understanding of
CYP2D6. Lastly, to facilitate successful implementation of pharmacogenetics in the clinic, solid
evidence of cost-effectiveness and adequate technical infrastructure remains to be established.
U2 - 10.21996/2nvf-dx44
DO - 10.21996/2nvf-dx44
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -