TY - GEN
T1 - Complex exercise interventions to modify risk of functional loss and disability in older adults
AU - Olsen, Pia Øllgaard
PY - 2022/2/21
Y1 - 2022/2/21
N2 - Background Disability in self-care and basic household activities is a major threat for the quality of life of older people, and for the sustainability of the health care sector. Disability arises from the complex interactions between a person with a health condition and the persons’ environmental and personal factors. Increasing the level of daily physical activity (PA-level) of insufficiently active and sedentary older adults is critical to reduce the risk of developing disability. Resistance training may play a key role in preventing disability as it causes adaptations in the neuromuscular system by increasing intrinsic capacities such asmuscle strength and power which are essential for performing independently discrete functional tasks and mobility (i.e., rising from a chair, gait). Yet, it is still unclear whether these training-induced changes translate into reduced self-reported disability. Further, many older adults perceive barriers related to health, environmental- and personal factors, restraining them from initiating and being adherent with exercise programs and, in general, for being more physically active. Combining community-based exercise programmes with behavioural self-management strategies (SMS) to tackle barriers for PA may increase programmeadherence and PA-levels during intervention and promote long-term sustainability of newly acquired PA-behaviours after the end of the programme. However, more evidence is needed on the short and long-term effects of exercise alone and in combination with multiple domains SMS to improve functional capacity and self-reported disability outcomes in older adults. This thesis aimed to investigate the effect of complex exercise interventions on objective measures of functional capacity and self-reported disability in +65-year older adults with different risk-profiles for disability.Methods The isolated effects of resistance training on self-reported disability in older adults
with pre-existing functional limitations or disability were first investigated in a systematic
review and meta-analysis. The study used meta-regression to additionally explore the
associations between reduced disability and changes in objectively assessed knee extensor
muscle strength, gait capacity, and lower body functional capacity (Study I).
Next, short-term, and long-term effects of complex interventions combining a) two weekly
sessions of exercise with resistance training as a core component with b) SMS to tackle
barriers for PA, were investigated in two randomized controlled trials on self-reported disability
(the short form of the Late-Life Function and Disability Index), ADL/IADL and functional
capacity (Short Physical Performance Battery) (study II and III). Study II enrolled physically
inactive participants to one of three intervention arms: a) 4-months exercise combined with 7-
months SMS focusing on reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) and increasing PA, b) the
exercise programme only, and a c) control condition. Assessments took place at baseline, at
4-months, at 16-months, and at 22-months. Study III enrolled participants with early markers
of functional decline to one of two intervention arms: a) 3-months exercise combined with 6-
months SMS, or b) the SMS programme only. Assessment took place at baseline, 3-months,
and 6-months. Interventions were conducted in community-settings, and participant
recruitment was embedded in nationally regulated preventive pathways.Results Pooled effects from fourteen RCTs showed that structured resistance training had
moderate size effects on reducing disability in older adults with pre-existing functional
12
limitation or disability compared to passive or sham control (SMD: 0.59). Higher age predicted
larger effects. Notably, improvements in self-reported disability were strongly associated with
increased lower body functional capacity assessed by chair-rise tests combined with gait and
or balance. Participants in all intervention groups improved SPPB-scores at the follow-ups most distant
from baseline (22 and 6 months in study II & study III, respectively). Superior effect of the
combined interventions was only confirmed immediately after exercise (Study II & Study III).
The exercise-only group did not have superior increases in SPPB-score compared to the
control group at any timepoint. No effect of exercise (including resistance training) on selfreported disability were found in studies on community-dwelling older adults (study I) or in the
two experimental trials (study II & study III).Conclusion This thesis confirmed that resistance training has moderate size effects on selfreported disability in older adults with pre-existing limitations or disability. There was no
consistent evidence for an effect in community-dwelling older adults. Combining exercise with
SMS led to superior short-term effects compared to single-component interventions and
control. Behaviour-change strategies such as SMS may be a promising strategy to increase
short term effects of exercise interventions on functional capacity in community-dwelling
adults.
AB - Background Disability in self-care and basic household activities is a major threat for the quality of life of older people, and for the sustainability of the health care sector. Disability arises from the complex interactions between a person with a health condition and the persons’ environmental and personal factors. Increasing the level of daily physical activity (PA-level) of insufficiently active and sedentary older adults is critical to reduce the risk of developing disability. Resistance training may play a key role in preventing disability as it causes adaptations in the neuromuscular system by increasing intrinsic capacities such asmuscle strength and power which are essential for performing independently discrete functional tasks and mobility (i.e., rising from a chair, gait). Yet, it is still unclear whether these training-induced changes translate into reduced self-reported disability. Further, many older adults perceive barriers related to health, environmental- and personal factors, restraining them from initiating and being adherent with exercise programs and, in general, for being more physically active. Combining community-based exercise programmes with behavioural self-management strategies (SMS) to tackle barriers for PA may increase programmeadherence and PA-levels during intervention and promote long-term sustainability of newly acquired PA-behaviours after the end of the programme. However, more evidence is needed on the short and long-term effects of exercise alone and in combination with multiple domains SMS to improve functional capacity and self-reported disability outcomes in older adults. This thesis aimed to investigate the effect of complex exercise interventions on objective measures of functional capacity and self-reported disability in +65-year older adults with different risk-profiles for disability.Methods The isolated effects of resistance training on self-reported disability in older adults
with pre-existing functional limitations or disability were first investigated in a systematic
review and meta-analysis. The study used meta-regression to additionally explore the
associations between reduced disability and changes in objectively assessed knee extensor
muscle strength, gait capacity, and lower body functional capacity (Study I).
Next, short-term, and long-term effects of complex interventions combining a) two weekly
sessions of exercise with resistance training as a core component with b) SMS to tackle
barriers for PA, were investigated in two randomized controlled trials on self-reported disability
(the short form of the Late-Life Function and Disability Index), ADL/IADL and functional
capacity (Short Physical Performance Battery) (study II and III). Study II enrolled physically
inactive participants to one of three intervention arms: a) 4-months exercise combined with 7-
months SMS focusing on reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) and increasing PA, b) the
exercise programme only, and a c) control condition. Assessments took place at baseline, at
4-months, at 16-months, and at 22-months. Study III enrolled participants with early markers
of functional decline to one of two intervention arms: a) 3-months exercise combined with 6-
months SMS, or b) the SMS programme only. Assessment took place at baseline, 3-months,
and 6-months. Interventions were conducted in community-settings, and participant
recruitment was embedded in nationally regulated preventive pathways.Results Pooled effects from fourteen RCTs showed that structured resistance training had
moderate size effects on reducing disability in older adults with pre-existing functional
12
limitation or disability compared to passive or sham control (SMD: 0.59). Higher age predicted
larger effects. Notably, improvements in self-reported disability were strongly associated with
increased lower body functional capacity assessed by chair-rise tests combined with gait and
or balance. Participants in all intervention groups improved SPPB-scores at the follow-ups most distant
from baseline (22 and 6 months in study II & study III, respectively). Superior effect of the
combined interventions was only confirmed immediately after exercise (Study II & Study III).
The exercise-only group did not have superior increases in SPPB-score compared to the
control group at any timepoint. No effect of exercise (including resistance training) on selfreported disability were found in studies on community-dwelling older adults (study I) or in the
two experimental trials (study II & study III).Conclusion This thesis confirmed that resistance training has moderate size effects on selfreported disability in older adults with pre-existing limitations or disability. There was no
consistent evidence for an effect in community-dwelling older adults. Combining exercise with
SMS led to superior short-term effects compared to single-component interventions and
control. Behaviour-change strategies such as SMS may be a promising strategy to increase
short term effects of exercise interventions on functional capacity in community-dwelling
adults.
U2 - 10.21996/3b1r-4259
DO - 10.21996/3b1r-4259
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -