Complex Domains Call for Automation but Automation Requires More Knowledge and Learning: A Paradox in Manufacturing and Offshore Oil and Gas Production

This paper discusses productivity in relation to tacit knowledge and domain complexity. The study is based on five very different case studies; three studies are conducted in Den-mark, Mexico, and China in relation to knowledge transfer when relocating manufacturing facilities. Two studies investigate operation and automation of oil and gas production in the North Sea. Semi-structured interviews, surveys, and observations are the main methods used. The paper provides a novel conceptual framework around which manage¬ment may generate discussions about productivity and the need for learning programs when considering changes in the complexity of a domain.