TY - GEN
T1 - Communication between patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and healthcare professionals in an outpatient setting
T2 - A participatory design study developing and exploring how a tailored mHealth solution can support self-management
AU - Fallesen, Janni Petersen
PY - 2026/3/31
Y1 - 2026/3/31
N2 - Background
Most patients with IBD require lifelong treatment and ongoing follow-up in specialised hospitals and gastroenterology outpatient clinics, as the condition is incurable and increasing in prevalence. IBD is inherently unpredictable and typically follows a fluctuating disease course, with periods of remission interspersed with episodes of relapse. Early identification of disease flares and patient concerns is therefore critical, as prompt and intensified treatment during active phases can be decisive in preventing further deterioration. Thus, easy access to HCPs is an essential component of effective self-managementamong patients with IBD. However, patients may encounter barriers when attempting to obtain timely professional support, which can undermine their capacity for self-management. To address this challenge, a tailored communication app was designed and developed as part of this thesis with the aim of strengthening patient self-management. A PD approach was employed to ensure that the mHealth solution aligns with patient needs and is practical for implementation in clinical settings.
Objectives
The overarching aim of the PhD project was to develop a tailored communication app for patients with IBD and evaluate how patients explore the solution supports their self-management.
Study 1: Explore what matters to patients with IBD in their communication and encounters with HCPs in a gastrointestinal outpatient setting.
Study 2: Develop a mHealth solution for patients with IBD using participatory design to support tailored communication between patients and health care professionals.
Study 3: Exploring Patient Experiences of support in IBD Self-Management: Evaluation of a Tailored Communication App Developed Through Participatory Design.
Methods
Fourteen patients with IBD aged 18–65 years and nine HCPs from two gastroenterology outpatient clinics in Denmark were included in the design and development of a tailored mHealth solution through three PD phases. These phases comprise (1) needs assessment, (2) design, development and test, and (3) evaluation. The patients typically attended the clinics for consultations, medical treatment including biological therapy and symptom management.
In Study 1, a needs assessment was conducted through three weeks of participant observation in the outpatient clinics, along with three focus group interviews involving 14 patients with IBD. Field notes and interview transcripts were analysed using meaning condensation as described by Kvale and Brinkmann and interpreted through the theoretical framework of interactional nursing practice.
n Study 2, three focus groups with 14 patients were conducted to identify relevant app content. In addition, two mock-up workshops with two patients and two mock-up workshops with nine HCPs were held to co-design and develop a prototype. The process was iterative to ensure that all stakeholders had the opportunity to contribute to the design and development. This approach enabled continuous refinement of the prototype until an acceptable solution was achieved. Data was analysed in accordance with the four PD steps: planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Furthermore, two prototype tests with patients were carried out prior to the development of the final mHealth solution. To ensure continuity, the same IT designer, researcher, and facilitator were involved throughout the development process.
In Study 3, a qualitative evaluation of the mHealth solution was conducted based on 12 individual telephone interviews with patients with IBD. Five men and seven women aged 20–72 years were included, comprising eight participants with CD and four with UC. Interview transcripts were analysed using meaning condensation as described by Kvale and Brinkmann and interpreted using Corbin and Strauss’s selfmanagement theory.
Results
In Study 1, four principal themes emerged: (1) easy and reliable access to healthcare professionals, (2) predictability of follow-up appointments, (3) the importance of privacy during patient examinations, and (4)the quality of time spent with healthcare professionals.
In Study 2, a tailored communication app was designed and developed featuring six core functions: chat, symptom tracking, notifications, questionnaires with free-text response options, a knowledge base, and an appointment overview.
The qualitative evaluation in Study 3 indicated that three of these features, messaging, appointment overview, and reminders effectively supported patient self-management, whereas the remaining three features contributed little or only marginally to strengthening patients’ self-management.
Conclusion
This thesis concludes that PD is a highly suitable approach for the design and development of a tailored communication app for patients with IBD. The PD methodology enabled meaningful involvement of both patients and HCPs, fostered mutual learning throughout the development process, and ensured that the app’s features were grounded in explicitly expressed needs and preferences.
Furthermore, it can be concluded that a qualitative evaluation conducted as part of a design-after-designapproach was instrumental in promoting sustainability, as it generated in-depth insights into patients’ lived experiences of which features supported their self-management and which did not. Patients identified three features, the messaging feature, the treatment overview, and reminders as supportive of their selfmanagement. In contrast, symptom monitoring, free-text questionnaires, and the knowledge base were perceived as offering limited or no support in their current form, though they were recognized as having potential for further development.
Patients reported that the messaging feature strengthened their self-efficacy, while the treatment overview and reminders enhanced their sense of control in a daily life characterized by unpredictability.Self-efficacy was reinforced through the understanding patients gained about their condition via flexible,dialogue-based communication with HCPs, particularly during periods of disease flare or heightened concern. Overall, self-management in patients with IBD is most effectively supported through accessible, flexible, and dialogical communication with HCPs, combined with structuring tools that enhance predictability and control. Future digital solutions for patients with IBD should therefore be designed with a specific focus on strengthening self-efficacy and fostering a sustained sense of control.
AB - Background
Most patients with IBD require lifelong treatment and ongoing follow-up in specialised hospitals and gastroenterology outpatient clinics, as the condition is incurable and increasing in prevalence. IBD is inherently unpredictable and typically follows a fluctuating disease course, with periods of remission interspersed with episodes of relapse. Early identification of disease flares and patient concerns is therefore critical, as prompt and intensified treatment during active phases can be decisive in preventing further deterioration. Thus, easy access to HCPs is an essential component of effective self-managementamong patients with IBD. However, patients may encounter barriers when attempting to obtain timely professional support, which can undermine their capacity for self-management. To address this challenge, a tailored communication app was designed and developed as part of this thesis with the aim of strengthening patient self-management. A PD approach was employed to ensure that the mHealth solution aligns with patient needs and is practical for implementation in clinical settings.
Objectives
The overarching aim of the PhD project was to develop a tailored communication app for patients with IBD and evaluate how patients explore the solution supports their self-management.
Study 1: Explore what matters to patients with IBD in their communication and encounters with HCPs in a gastrointestinal outpatient setting.
Study 2: Develop a mHealth solution for patients with IBD using participatory design to support tailored communication between patients and health care professionals.
Study 3: Exploring Patient Experiences of support in IBD Self-Management: Evaluation of a Tailored Communication App Developed Through Participatory Design.
Methods
Fourteen patients with IBD aged 18–65 years and nine HCPs from two gastroenterology outpatient clinics in Denmark were included in the design and development of a tailored mHealth solution through three PD phases. These phases comprise (1) needs assessment, (2) design, development and test, and (3) evaluation. The patients typically attended the clinics for consultations, medical treatment including biological therapy and symptom management.
In Study 1, a needs assessment was conducted through three weeks of participant observation in the outpatient clinics, along with three focus group interviews involving 14 patients with IBD. Field notes and interview transcripts were analysed using meaning condensation as described by Kvale and Brinkmann and interpreted through the theoretical framework of interactional nursing practice.
n Study 2, three focus groups with 14 patients were conducted to identify relevant app content. In addition, two mock-up workshops with two patients and two mock-up workshops with nine HCPs were held to co-design and develop a prototype. The process was iterative to ensure that all stakeholders had the opportunity to contribute to the design and development. This approach enabled continuous refinement of the prototype until an acceptable solution was achieved. Data was analysed in accordance with the four PD steps: planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Furthermore, two prototype tests with patients were carried out prior to the development of the final mHealth solution. To ensure continuity, the same IT designer, researcher, and facilitator were involved throughout the development process.
In Study 3, a qualitative evaluation of the mHealth solution was conducted based on 12 individual telephone interviews with patients with IBD. Five men and seven women aged 20–72 years were included, comprising eight participants with CD and four with UC. Interview transcripts were analysed using meaning condensation as described by Kvale and Brinkmann and interpreted using Corbin and Strauss’s selfmanagement theory.
Results
In Study 1, four principal themes emerged: (1) easy and reliable access to healthcare professionals, (2) predictability of follow-up appointments, (3) the importance of privacy during patient examinations, and (4)the quality of time spent with healthcare professionals.
In Study 2, a tailored communication app was designed and developed featuring six core functions: chat, symptom tracking, notifications, questionnaires with free-text response options, a knowledge base, and an appointment overview.
The qualitative evaluation in Study 3 indicated that three of these features, messaging, appointment overview, and reminders effectively supported patient self-management, whereas the remaining three features contributed little or only marginally to strengthening patients’ self-management.
Conclusion
This thesis concludes that PD is a highly suitable approach for the design and development of a tailored communication app for patients with IBD. The PD methodology enabled meaningful involvement of both patients and HCPs, fostered mutual learning throughout the development process, and ensured that the app’s features were grounded in explicitly expressed needs and preferences.
Furthermore, it can be concluded that a qualitative evaluation conducted as part of a design-after-designapproach was instrumental in promoting sustainability, as it generated in-depth insights into patients’ lived experiences of which features supported their self-management and which did not. Patients identified three features, the messaging feature, the treatment overview, and reminders as supportive of their selfmanagement. In contrast, symptom monitoring, free-text questionnaires, and the knowledge base were perceived as offering limited or no support in their current form, though they were recognized as having potential for further development.
Patients reported that the messaging feature strengthened their self-efficacy, while the treatment overview and reminders enhanced their sense of control in a daily life characterized by unpredictability.Self-efficacy was reinforced through the understanding patients gained about their condition via flexible,dialogue-based communication with HCPs, particularly during periods of disease flare or heightened concern. Overall, self-management in patients with IBD is most effectively supported through accessible, flexible, and dialogical communication with HCPs, combined with structuring tools that enhance predictability and control. Future digital solutions for patients with IBD should therefore be designed with a specific focus on strengthening self-efficacy and fostering a sustained sense of control.
U2 - 10.21996/653d6a22-cbdd-4abc-83a9-67f6e87dae4a
DO - 10.21996/653d6a22-cbdd-4abc-83a9-67f6e87dae4a
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -