TY - GEN
T1 - Clinical value of standardised assessment of margin clearance and liquid biopsy in pancreatic cancer
AU - Aaquist, Trine
PY - 2024/3/13
Y1 - 2024/3/13
N2 - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a dismal
5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Surgical resection is the only curative option, albeit being applicable to
less than 20% of the patients. Even following presumably curative resection, patient outcome is disappointing
with a 2-year recurrence rate of up to 80%. This proves the inadequacy of current image-guided resectability
criteria in assessing micrometastatic disease, and emphasises the need for improved preoperative risk assessment to spare patients the morbidity and mortality of a non-beneficial surgery. Furthermore, methods for postoperative identification of patients with high risk of recurrence or death are currently lacking. Hence, the current postoperative management of PDAC patients, including surveillance and adjuvant therapy allocation,
largely follows a one-size-fits-all-approach with minimal consideration of the patient’s individual risk. The
overall aim of this thesis was to improve the perioperative prognostic stratification of PDAC patients. Two
methodologically distinct projects were conducted as part of this effort, both of which focused on prognosis in
patients with resectable PDAC.Within the past decades, the prognostic significance of margin status after surgery for PDAC has been extensively debated across pancreatic cancer societies. Final conclusions have been hampered by inconsistent findings, attributed in part to the high degree of heterogeneity observed across published literature. This heterogeneity spans variations in study populations, pathological assessments, surgical and oncological approaches,
margins examined and the definition of ‘microscopic residual tumour’ R1. Aiming towards standardisation,
international consensus recommendations were recently published, recommending reporting of overall margin
status based on R1≤1 mm. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains, as some groups advocated for a broader clearance of up to 2 mm. Additionally, the definition needs validation across more pancreatic specimen types and
tumour origins. Most available data in the field stem from the most frequently performed type of surgical
procedure for pancreatic cancer, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The other two main types of pancreatic cancer surgery are total (TP) or distal (DP) pancreatectomy. Considering the relative lower frequency of TPs and
DPs compared to PDs, limited published data exist on the prognostic implications of margin status in these
anatomically and surgically distinct specimens. Furthermore, ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) represents an
important clinical and radiological differential diagnosis to PDAC and the prognostic role of margin status in
AAC has been severely overlooked, in particular in the era of standardised pathology.Project 1 consisted of a series of three registry studies (Study I-III) based on nationwide data from the Danish
Pancreatic Cancer Database (DPCD). The overall aims were to evaluate the prognostically relevant minimum
margin clearance definition that may categorise patients into involved (R1 resected) and uninvolved (R0 resected) groups, and to assess whether certain margins hold independent prognostic information. Patients who
underwent surgical resection for PDAC (Study I-II) and AAC (Study III) were included. In Study I-III, data
for all Danish patients who underwent pancreatic resection between 2015 and 2019 were retrieved from DPCD,
and missing data were supplemented by review of pathology reports and re-microscopy of resection specimens.Since 2015, all Danish pathology departments have been using a uniform, standardised pathological examination protocol, which allows for accurate tumour origin designation and reporting of circumferential margin
clearances to DPCD. Four analysis groups were generated based on type of resection and tumour origin. Each
cohort was dichotomised into R1 and R0 groups according to different clearance definitions by 0.5 mm increments (0.5 to ≥ 3.0 mm). The association between clearance and overall survival was evaluated for any margin
and for each individual margin. In Study I including 367 patients who underwent PD for PDAC, we found
that resection margin status was an independent prognostic factor using the ≥1.5 mm clearance definition
(equivalent to R1≤1 mm). Hence, these nationwide data validated the prognostic relevance of the currently
accepted 1 mm clearance definition. We found no isolated prognostic significance for individual margins.
Study II included two separate cohorts, consisting of patients who underwent either TP (n=101) or DP (n=90)
for PDAC. In both groups, narrow tumour-free margin widths were frequently observed, suggesting that microradical resection was rarely achieved, possibly due to large tumour size and/or specimen anatomy. Notably,
the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) margin emerged as an independent prognostic factor following TP. Even
SMA margin clearance of at least 0.5 mm was found to categorise patients into prognostically relevant subgroups. In the DP cohort, neither combined nor individual margin clearances were associated with overall
survival. In Study III, the role of margin clearance was assessed in 128 patients who underwent PD for AAC.
Possibly due to early cholestatic symptoms, these patients exhibited smaller tumour sizes, wider clearances
and superior survival rates compared to patients with PDAC. Margin status was a strong independent prognostic factor when using a R0 definition of ≥1 mm, indicating that the required margin clearance in AAC may be
less compared to PDAC. We also found that the anterior surface and posterior margin had isolated prognostic
value. Hence, results from Study I-III indicate that in terms of prognostication, a one-size-fits-all clearance
definition may not be applicable across pancreatic tumour origins and resection types. The differences in the
prognostic role of margin status across specimen types may relate to anatomical, biological or other differences
between specimens and tumour locations.In Project 2, we focused on perioperative risk stratification of PDAC patients using liquid biopsy of peripheral
blood and peritoneal lavage fluid. Peritoneum is a common site for recurrence after resection for PDAC. The
aim of Study IV was to assess the frequency and prognostic potential of detecting tumour-derived DNA in
plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) as molecular markers of micrometastatic disease. The study included
84 PDAC patients who underwent upfront resection in one of four surgical departments in Denmark, Sweden
or Germany between 09/2020 and 02/2023. From all patients, blood samples were collected prior to resection
and at the 1-month post-surgery visit, whereas PLF was collected immediately prior to resection. The PLFs
were examined using conventional cytology and molecular analysis. Targeted next-generation sequencing
(NGS) on primary tumour tissue was performed, enabling selection of a clonal mutation in each patient, to
target tumour-derived DNA in plasma and PLF using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). The data analysis regarding
Study IV is currently ongoing.Our findings indicate that the prognostic influence of margin status, along with its definition, may depend on
more factors related to tumour biology and specimen anatomy. Margin status was a prognostic factor following PD, and the minimum required clearance seems to be less for AAC compared to PDAC. We also found that
the anterior surface and posterior margin had isolated prognostic value in AAC following PD. SMA margin
clearance was an independent prognostic factor following TP, whereas we did not find margin status to hold
prognostic significance following DP.
AB - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a dismal
5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Surgical resection is the only curative option, albeit being applicable to
less than 20% of the patients. Even following presumably curative resection, patient outcome is disappointing
with a 2-year recurrence rate of up to 80%. This proves the inadequacy of current image-guided resectability
criteria in assessing micrometastatic disease, and emphasises the need for improved preoperative risk assessment to spare patients the morbidity and mortality of a non-beneficial surgery. Furthermore, methods for postoperative identification of patients with high risk of recurrence or death are currently lacking. Hence, the current postoperative management of PDAC patients, including surveillance and adjuvant therapy allocation,
largely follows a one-size-fits-all-approach with minimal consideration of the patient’s individual risk. The
overall aim of this thesis was to improve the perioperative prognostic stratification of PDAC patients. Two
methodologically distinct projects were conducted as part of this effort, both of which focused on prognosis in
patients with resectable PDAC.Within the past decades, the prognostic significance of margin status after surgery for PDAC has been extensively debated across pancreatic cancer societies. Final conclusions have been hampered by inconsistent findings, attributed in part to the high degree of heterogeneity observed across published literature. This heterogeneity spans variations in study populations, pathological assessments, surgical and oncological approaches,
margins examined and the definition of ‘microscopic residual tumour’ R1. Aiming towards standardisation,
international consensus recommendations were recently published, recommending reporting of overall margin
status based on R1≤1 mm. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains, as some groups advocated for a broader clearance of up to 2 mm. Additionally, the definition needs validation across more pancreatic specimen types and
tumour origins. Most available data in the field stem from the most frequently performed type of surgical
procedure for pancreatic cancer, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The other two main types of pancreatic cancer surgery are total (TP) or distal (DP) pancreatectomy. Considering the relative lower frequency of TPs and
DPs compared to PDs, limited published data exist on the prognostic implications of margin status in these
anatomically and surgically distinct specimens. Furthermore, ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) represents an
important clinical and radiological differential diagnosis to PDAC and the prognostic role of margin status in
AAC has been severely overlooked, in particular in the era of standardised pathology.Project 1 consisted of a series of three registry studies (Study I-III) based on nationwide data from the Danish
Pancreatic Cancer Database (DPCD). The overall aims were to evaluate the prognostically relevant minimum
margin clearance definition that may categorise patients into involved (R1 resected) and uninvolved (R0 resected) groups, and to assess whether certain margins hold independent prognostic information. Patients who
underwent surgical resection for PDAC (Study I-II) and AAC (Study III) were included. In Study I-III, data
for all Danish patients who underwent pancreatic resection between 2015 and 2019 were retrieved from DPCD,
and missing data were supplemented by review of pathology reports and re-microscopy of resection specimens.Since 2015, all Danish pathology departments have been using a uniform, standardised pathological examination protocol, which allows for accurate tumour origin designation and reporting of circumferential margin
clearances to DPCD. Four analysis groups were generated based on type of resection and tumour origin. Each
cohort was dichotomised into R1 and R0 groups according to different clearance definitions by 0.5 mm increments (0.5 to ≥ 3.0 mm). The association between clearance and overall survival was evaluated for any margin
and for each individual margin. In Study I including 367 patients who underwent PD for PDAC, we found
that resection margin status was an independent prognostic factor using the ≥1.5 mm clearance definition
(equivalent to R1≤1 mm). Hence, these nationwide data validated the prognostic relevance of the currently
accepted 1 mm clearance definition. We found no isolated prognostic significance for individual margins.
Study II included two separate cohorts, consisting of patients who underwent either TP (n=101) or DP (n=90)
for PDAC. In both groups, narrow tumour-free margin widths were frequently observed, suggesting that microradical resection was rarely achieved, possibly due to large tumour size and/or specimen anatomy. Notably,
the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) margin emerged as an independent prognostic factor following TP. Even
SMA margin clearance of at least 0.5 mm was found to categorise patients into prognostically relevant subgroups. In the DP cohort, neither combined nor individual margin clearances were associated with overall
survival. In Study III, the role of margin clearance was assessed in 128 patients who underwent PD for AAC.
Possibly due to early cholestatic symptoms, these patients exhibited smaller tumour sizes, wider clearances
and superior survival rates compared to patients with PDAC. Margin status was a strong independent prognostic factor when using a R0 definition of ≥1 mm, indicating that the required margin clearance in AAC may be
less compared to PDAC. We also found that the anterior surface and posterior margin had isolated prognostic
value. Hence, results from Study I-III indicate that in terms of prognostication, a one-size-fits-all clearance
definition may not be applicable across pancreatic tumour origins and resection types. The differences in the
prognostic role of margin status across specimen types may relate to anatomical, biological or other differences
between specimens and tumour locations.In Project 2, we focused on perioperative risk stratification of PDAC patients using liquid biopsy of peripheral
blood and peritoneal lavage fluid. Peritoneum is a common site for recurrence after resection for PDAC. The
aim of Study IV was to assess the frequency and prognostic potential of detecting tumour-derived DNA in
plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) as molecular markers of micrometastatic disease. The study included
84 PDAC patients who underwent upfront resection in one of four surgical departments in Denmark, Sweden
or Germany between 09/2020 and 02/2023. From all patients, blood samples were collected prior to resection
and at the 1-month post-surgery visit, whereas PLF was collected immediately prior to resection. The PLFs
were examined using conventional cytology and molecular analysis. Targeted next-generation sequencing
(NGS) on primary tumour tissue was performed, enabling selection of a clonal mutation in each patient, to
target tumour-derived DNA in plasma and PLF using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). The data analysis regarding
Study IV is currently ongoing.Our findings indicate that the prognostic influence of margin status, along with its definition, may depend on
more factors related to tumour biology and specimen anatomy. Margin status was a prognostic factor following PD, and the minimum required clearance seems to be less for AAC compared to PDAC. We also found that
the anterior surface and posterior margin had isolated prognostic value in AAC following PD. SMA margin
clearance was an independent prognostic factor following TP, whereas we did not find margin status to hold
prognostic significance following DP.
KW - Pancreatic cancer
KW - resection margin status
KW - liquid biopsy
KW - prognosis
KW - Bugspytkirtelkræft
KW - radikalitetsvurdering
KW - liquid biopsy
KW - prognose
U2 - 10.21996/vd4j-dn89
DO - 10.21996/vd4j-dn89
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -