TY - GEN
T1 - Cancer care at the end-of-life: expenditures, barriers to access and quality-of-life
AU - Hasse, Henriette Tind
PY - 2024/6/6
Y1 - 2024/6/6
N2 - Medical and technological advancements in cancer care have introduced treatments that successfully
have lengthened the lives of patients with cancer. Some cancer types can be cured, while others can
be maintained at a level where the patient can live with cancer, similar to other chronic diseases.
Despite these advancements, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death and affects millions
of people every day. This highlights the importance of prioritizing end-of-life (EoL) care, because
many patients will reach a point where cure is no longer an option.
Manuscript 1. Cancer care at the end of life: Systemwide expenditure in a national
health service
The literature points to different aspects when assessing the pathways of EoL cancer care. Specialized
palliative care (SPC) has been associated with better Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and a
better chance of realizing EoL wishes and expectations. Referral to SPC has also, by some, been
emphasized as an indicator of good quality care at EoL. Some studies, primarily US based, have
found SPC to be associated with lower costs of care at EoL. Moreover, SPC has been associated with
less aggressive treatment strategies, including cancer targeted treatments (CTT) near time of death.
When CTT is administered close in time to death, there is an increased risk of severe adverse events
and reduced HRQoL, for some patients even an earlier death. Also, CTT late in life is shown to cause
an increase in care costs in the secondary sector. Discontinuation of CTT prior to the last 30 days of
life is, by some, considered an indicator of good quality EoL care.
Despite it being well known that SPC has the possibility of increasing HRQoL, while the opposite is
the case for continued CTT, little is known about how these treatment choices at EoL impacts on
healthcare utilization across different care settings in the health care system. Our first study feeds into
the gap by investigating the consequences of specific treatment choices - as defined by exposure to
SPC and timely discontinuation of CTT - on healthcare utilization in the primary, secondary, and
community and home-based care. Healthcare utilization was measured as setting specific expenditure
the last four weeks of life in relation to exposure to SPC and timely discontinuation of CTT. Our
study found that being exposed to SPC was associated with lower total expenditure, driven by lower
hospital expenditure, when compared with those not exposed to SPC. Timely discontinuation of CTT
was associated with decreased total expenditure, driven by a reduction in hospital expenditure, when
compared with those that did receive CTT within the last 30 days of life.
Manuscript 2. Supply-side barrier in access to Specialized Palliative Care: A population
study.
Even though SPC internationally has been established as good quality care, SPC capacity in Denmark
does not live up to the recommendations issued by the European Association for Palliative care. The
Danish National Audit under the Government has criticized the responsible bodies (the regions) for
insufficient palliative capacity, not adhering to national referral guidelines, and lack of continuous
screening. Patients are either referred very late in their disease trajectory, or not at all. Whilst previous
studies have established several patient characteristics, such as level of education, income, living
alone, or having children, as barriers to gaining access to SPC, little attention has been paid to the
supply side. The lack of uniformly implemented national referral guideline may complicate referral
of a patient from one hospital to another, creating a barrier on the supply side. As cancer treatment is
highly centralized, some patients receive their cancer treatment at one hospital and their SPC, which
is less centralized, at another hospital under a separate management. In the second study we
investigated if there was evidence of a supply-side barrier in SPC access. We did this by analyzing
the probability of referral to SPC from the hospital if a patient was not eligible of receiving SPC at a
department under the same management as where they were treated for their cancer disease.
Moreover, we investigate if separate management was associated with SPC referral timing. The study
found consistent evidence of a supply side barrier in access to SPC.
Manuscript 3. Trajectory of quality of life among patients with cancer: A longitudinal
survey study
Little is known about the general HRQoL in patients with cancer when approaching time of death.
Within cancer research, the disease specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of
Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is widely used. This questionnaire contains
30 questions pertaining to patient perceived functioning and disease and treatment related
symptoms/items. The generic Euroqol questionnaire EQ-5D-5L is widely used when conducting
health economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. The EQ-5D-5L responses are used for
computing Quality Adjusted Life years (QALY), which can be used across different diseases to
estimate effectiveness of interventions. With the establishment of the Danish Medicine council, and
their introduction of QALY, the demand for healthcare researchers to use generic Multi-Attribute
Utility-Instruments, such as the EQ-5D-5L has grown. It has been put forward that the EQ-5D-5L is less sensitive to changes in HRQoL in patients with cancer at EoL, as it may not capture the decline
or improvement in health as good as the disease specific questionnaires.
Most evidence on the perceived HRQoL of patients with cancer comes from Randomized Controlled
Trials (RCT’s). Often these studies include a very specific group of patients and may not represent
the general cancer population. Other studies that have investigated HRQoL at EoL have done so for
specific cancer types, or in patient groups informed of their terminal state. Not much is known about
the HRQoL in the general patient with cancer as their time of death approaches. In the third
manuscript in this thesis, we investigated HRQoL, as measured by the EQ-5D-5L and the EORTCQLQ-C30, in patients with cancer close to the time of death. We analyzed HRQoL over time as
patients approach time of death, both as total scores, and decomposed into relevant items of the two
scales. The study was conducted using a unique dataset compiled of prospectively collected
longitudinal survey data, patient journal data, and register data. Data was combined using the unique
person identification number (CPR-number) given to all citizen with a permanent Danish address.
The study found that HRQoL, as measured by both instruments, decline when approaching time of
death. The decomposed instruments indicate that items associated with autonomy drive the results.
Contributions
The main contribution of this thesis is new insights to the consequences of different care pathways at
end of life in patients with cancer. The research of this thesis underlines the nuances and different
contributing factors of inequality in healthcare access other than patient characteristics. Supply-side
barriers also represent a challenge. Finally, in this thesis I describe HRQoL in patients with cancer as
time of death approaches. I show that the generic and disease specific questionnaires capture different
changes in HRQoL at EoL, which should be considered when conducting future survey studies within
this patient group. All in all, this thesis provides valuable new insight into a vulnerable patient group.
These insights are central when prioritizing, planning, and conducting care.
AB - Medical and technological advancements in cancer care have introduced treatments that successfully
have lengthened the lives of patients with cancer. Some cancer types can be cured, while others can
be maintained at a level where the patient can live with cancer, similar to other chronic diseases.
Despite these advancements, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death and affects millions
of people every day. This highlights the importance of prioritizing end-of-life (EoL) care, because
many patients will reach a point where cure is no longer an option.
Manuscript 1. Cancer care at the end of life: Systemwide expenditure in a national
health service
The literature points to different aspects when assessing the pathways of EoL cancer care. Specialized
palliative care (SPC) has been associated with better Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and a
better chance of realizing EoL wishes and expectations. Referral to SPC has also, by some, been
emphasized as an indicator of good quality care at EoL. Some studies, primarily US based, have
found SPC to be associated with lower costs of care at EoL. Moreover, SPC has been associated with
less aggressive treatment strategies, including cancer targeted treatments (CTT) near time of death.
When CTT is administered close in time to death, there is an increased risk of severe adverse events
and reduced HRQoL, for some patients even an earlier death. Also, CTT late in life is shown to cause
an increase in care costs in the secondary sector. Discontinuation of CTT prior to the last 30 days of
life is, by some, considered an indicator of good quality EoL care.
Despite it being well known that SPC has the possibility of increasing HRQoL, while the opposite is
the case for continued CTT, little is known about how these treatment choices at EoL impacts on
healthcare utilization across different care settings in the health care system. Our first study feeds into
the gap by investigating the consequences of specific treatment choices - as defined by exposure to
SPC and timely discontinuation of CTT - on healthcare utilization in the primary, secondary, and
community and home-based care. Healthcare utilization was measured as setting specific expenditure
the last four weeks of life in relation to exposure to SPC and timely discontinuation of CTT. Our
study found that being exposed to SPC was associated with lower total expenditure, driven by lower
hospital expenditure, when compared with those not exposed to SPC. Timely discontinuation of CTT
was associated with decreased total expenditure, driven by a reduction in hospital expenditure, when
compared with those that did receive CTT within the last 30 days of life.
Manuscript 2. Supply-side barrier in access to Specialized Palliative Care: A population
study.
Even though SPC internationally has been established as good quality care, SPC capacity in Denmark
does not live up to the recommendations issued by the European Association for Palliative care. The
Danish National Audit under the Government has criticized the responsible bodies (the regions) for
insufficient palliative capacity, not adhering to national referral guidelines, and lack of continuous
screening. Patients are either referred very late in their disease trajectory, or not at all. Whilst previous
studies have established several patient characteristics, such as level of education, income, living
alone, or having children, as barriers to gaining access to SPC, little attention has been paid to the
supply side. The lack of uniformly implemented national referral guideline may complicate referral
of a patient from one hospital to another, creating a barrier on the supply side. As cancer treatment is
highly centralized, some patients receive their cancer treatment at one hospital and their SPC, which
is less centralized, at another hospital under a separate management. In the second study we
investigated if there was evidence of a supply-side barrier in SPC access. We did this by analyzing
the probability of referral to SPC from the hospital if a patient was not eligible of receiving SPC at a
department under the same management as where they were treated for their cancer disease.
Moreover, we investigate if separate management was associated with SPC referral timing. The study
found consistent evidence of a supply side barrier in access to SPC.
Manuscript 3. Trajectory of quality of life among patients with cancer: A longitudinal
survey study
Little is known about the general HRQoL in patients with cancer when approaching time of death.
Within cancer research, the disease specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of
Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is widely used. This questionnaire contains
30 questions pertaining to patient perceived functioning and disease and treatment related
symptoms/items. The generic Euroqol questionnaire EQ-5D-5L is widely used when conducting
health economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. The EQ-5D-5L responses are used for
computing Quality Adjusted Life years (QALY), which can be used across different diseases to
estimate effectiveness of interventions. With the establishment of the Danish Medicine council, and
their introduction of QALY, the demand for healthcare researchers to use generic Multi-Attribute
Utility-Instruments, such as the EQ-5D-5L has grown. It has been put forward that the EQ-5D-5L is less sensitive to changes in HRQoL in patients with cancer at EoL, as it may not capture the decline
or improvement in health as good as the disease specific questionnaires.
Most evidence on the perceived HRQoL of patients with cancer comes from Randomized Controlled
Trials (RCT’s). Often these studies include a very specific group of patients and may not represent
the general cancer population. Other studies that have investigated HRQoL at EoL have done so for
specific cancer types, or in patient groups informed of their terminal state. Not much is known about
the HRQoL in the general patient with cancer as their time of death approaches. In the third
manuscript in this thesis, we investigated HRQoL, as measured by the EQ-5D-5L and the EORTCQLQ-C30, in patients with cancer close to the time of death. We analyzed HRQoL over time as
patients approach time of death, both as total scores, and decomposed into relevant items of the two
scales. The study was conducted using a unique dataset compiled of prospectively collected
longitudinal survey data, patient journal data, and register data. Data was combined using the unique
person identification number (CPR-number) given to all citizen with a permanent Danish address.
The study found that HRQoL, as measured by both instruments, decline when approaching time of
death. The decomposed instruments indicate that items associated with autonomy drive the results.
Contributions
The main contribution of this thesis is new insights to the consequences of different care pathways at
end of life in patients with cancer. The research of this thesis underlines the nuances and different
contributing factors of inequality in healthcare access other than patient characteristics. Supply-side
barriers also represent a challenge. Finally, in this thesis I describe HRQoL in patients with cancer as
time of death approaches. I show that the generic and disease specific questionnaires capture different
changes in HRQoL at EoL, which should be considered when conducting future survey studies within
this patient group. All in all, this thesis provides valuable new insight into a vulnerable patient group.
These insights are central when prioritizing, planning, and conducting care.
U2 - 10.21996/gdzb-h451
DO - 10.21996/gdzb-h451
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -