TY - GEN
T1 - Auditors' materiality judgments
T2 - an institutional logics perspective
AU - Kristensen, Rikke Holmslykke
PY - 2016/11
Y1 - 2016/11
N2 - ‘Materiality’ is considered a key audit concept, both in theory and in practice (Messier et al. 2005; Corte et al. 2010; EC 2011; Keune and Johnstone 2012; ESMA 2013). The concept of materiality states that: “Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions that users make on the basis of financial information about a specific reporting entity.” (IASB 2010: 84). In other words, materiality depends on users (stakeholders) and what they find will influence the decisions they make on the basis of financial information. Hence, materiality is a subjective matter depending on a single auditor’s professional judgment. For users and other stakeholders of financial statements this remains a misunderstood and opaque concept, a ‘black‐box’ (Holstrum and Messier 1982, Patterson and Smith 2003, Edgley 2014). The concept is problematized by standard setters (IAASB 2013; PCAOB 2013), regulation enforcers (ESMA 2011, 2013) and legislators (EC 2011), who all express concern about differences in the perceived understanding of the concept between preparers, auditors and users of financial statements, and even between auditors themselves. This heterogeneity is supported by prior research, which finds differences between both different user groups (Jennings et al. 1987; Chewning et al. 1998) and between auditors (Neumann 1968; Ward 1976; Firth 1979; Mayper 1982; Jennings et al. 1987; Messier et al. 2005). Based on this, the overall objective of this thesis is to open the ‘black box’ of audit materiality judgments, structured around this central research question: How do auditors make materiality judgments, and why are they heterogeneous?In seeking to answer this research question the thesis builds on theoretical and methodological frameworks. The central theoretical field is materiality theory, whilst the theoretical lens, used methodologically to inform the field, is the theory of institutional logics. More specifically, how macro‐level institutional logics influence the activation of knowledge in auditors’ materiality judgments is analysed. For knowledge to be activated, it has to be available, i.e. be present in memory, be accessible, i.e. easily retrieved, and be applicable, i.e. fit the situation (Higgins 1996). Furthermore, the methodological framework highlights that the research is undertaken within a neo‐positivistic open systems theory and is executed through a qualitative case study design and through a deductive research process. The data for the case study are generated through the use of interviews along with document and literature studies. Analysis of data is conducted by relying on qualitative procedures, i.e. coding to identify main themes and the development of tables and figures to display data in a compressed and ordered form. Institutional logics is also used as a method of analysis, through the application of ideal types.The thesis comprises three papers.Paper 1 provides an analysis of prior research within materiality judgments, and identifies the important quantitative and qualitative components of materiality judgments. The paper reveals that assessment of materiality is a complex judgment including a task, a person and interpersonal interactions in line with audit judgment and decision‐making theory; despite prior research primarily treating assessment of materiality as an audit task, focusing on the quantitative element.Paper 2 focuses on how audit firms attempt to prime auditors’ knowledge activation, in order to reconcile professional, corporate and market logics, when they make materiality judgments. The paper illustrates how the audit manuals of audit firms prime auditors so that they respond to a certain stimulus event with a particular response; by listing different situations with appropriate responses. This is exemplified through a case study of the audit manuals of the Big‐Four audit firms.Paper 3 centres its attention on how individual auditors conduct materiality judgments. The paper illustrates how the different steps in the materiality judgment process are shaped by macro‐level institutional logics. Empirically, the paper contains a case study comprising 28 interviews with State‐Authorised Auditors from the Big‐Four audit firms.Overall, the thesis provides systematic research that deepens understanding of how auditors make materiality judgments, and why they are heterogeneous. In particular, the thesis contributes with new evidence and adds to our knowledge about auditors’ materiality judgments in three ways. First, this understanding reveals how attempts from the regulators to ensure that the quintessential characteristic of the audit profession, i.e. the ability to make mindful professional judgments with professional scepticism, can result in the opposite i.e. a profession where compliance with rules, procedures and systems becomes so important that mindless judgment based on these systems are preferred at the cost of mindful professional judgment. This is a contribution to both materiality theory and to auditing theory as a whole.Second, the thesis provides evidence that all three theoretically‐established institutional logics (professional, corporate and market logic) co‐exist and interact in auditors’ materiality judgments, although the professional and corporate logics are more dominant than the market logic. Sometimes, there is a cooperative, mutually strengthening relationship between the logics; at other times, they are competing, conflicting or even repress each other. This might be part of the explanation for heterogeneous materiality judgments, since the outcome of the assessment will vary depending on the logic(s) used. Where an assessment based on professional logic will emphasize the mindful use of professional judgment (the correct materiality level in relation to the public good), corporate logic will emphasize mindless compliance with rules and the use of default choices (a materiality level based on the systems rules and regulations), and market logic will emphasize profit‐maximizing (in terms of as high a materiality level as possible).Third, this study contributes by showing how the accessibility of certain benchmarks and percentages used in the materiality judgment can, through priming, be made extremely high. This can lead to auditors using these accessible benchmarks and percentages and suppressing the applicability of other benchmarks or percentages that, based on the environmental stimuli in the situation, might be more applicable if all environmental stimuli were accounted for. As a result, a decoupling between the standards’ demands for professional judgment and the actual materiality judgment is found.In the end, by taking a holistic, original and deep look at auditors’ materiality judgments, and by providing a deeper understanding of how these judgments are made, this thesis opens up more of the ‘black box’ of auditors’ materiality judgments and contributes to existing materiality and auditing theory.
AB - ‘Materiality’ is considered a key audit concept, both in theory and in practice (Messier et al. 2005; Corte et al. 2010; EC 2011; Keune and Johnstone 2012; ESMA 2013). The concept of materiality states that: “Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions that users make on the basis of financial information about a specific reporting entity.” (IASB 2010: 84). In other words, materiality depends on users (stakeholders) and what they find will influence the decisions they make on the basis of financial information. Hence, materiality is a subjective matter depending on a single auditor’s professional judgment. For users and other stakeholders of financial statements this remains a misunderstood and opaque concept, a ‘black‐box’ (Holstrum and Messier 1982, Patterson and Smith 2003, Edgley 2014). The concept is problematized by standard setters (IAASB 2013; PCAOB 2013), regulation enforcers (ESMA 2011, 2013) and legislators (EC 2011), who all express concern about differences in the perceived understanding of the concept between preparers, auditors and users of financial statements, and even between auditors themselves. This heterogeneity is supported by prior research, which finds differences between both different user groups (Jennings et al. 1987; Chewning et al. 1998) and between auditors (Neumann 1968; Ward 1976; Firth 1979; Mayper 1982; Jennings et al. 1987; Messier et al. 2005). Based on this, the overall objective of this thesis is to open the ‘black box’ of audit materiality judgments, structured around this central research question: How do auditors make materiality judgments, and why are they heterogeneous?In seeking to answer this research question the thesis builds on theoretical and methodological frameworks. The central theoretical field is materiality theory, whilst the theoretical lens, used methodologically to inform the field, is the theory of institutional logics. More specifically, how macro‐level institutional logics influence the activation of knowledge in auditors’ materiality judgments is analysed. For knowledge to be activated, it has to be available, i.e. be present in memory, be accessible, i.e. easily retrieved, and be applicable, i.e. fit the situation (Higgins 1996). Furthermore, the methodological framework highlights that the research is undertaken within a neo‐positivistic open systems theory and is executed through a qualitative case study design and through a deductive research process. The data for the case study are generated through the use of interviews along with document and literature studies. Analysis of data is conducted by relying on qualitative procedures, i.e. coding to identify main themes and the development of tables and figures to display data in a compressed and ordered form. Institutional logics is also used as a method of analysis, through the application of ideal types.The thesis comprises three papers.Paper 1 provides an analysis of prior research within materiality judgments, and identifies the important quantitative and qualitative components of materiality judgments. The paper reveals that assessment of materiality is a complex judgment including a task, a person and interpersonal interactions in line with audit judgment and decision‐making theory; despite prior research primarily treating assessment of materiality as an audit task, focusing on the quantitative element.Paper 2 focuses on how audit firms attempt to prime auditors’ knowledge activation, in order to reconcile professional, corporate and market logics, when they make materiality judgments. The paper illustrates how the audit manuals of audit firms prime auditors so that they respond to a certain stimulus event with a particular response; by listing different situations with appropriate responses. This is exemplified through a case study of the audit manuals of the Big‐Four audit firms.Paper 3 centres its attention on how individual auditors conduct materiality judgments. The paper illustrates how the different steps in the materiality judgment process are shaped by macro‐level institutional logics. Empirically, the paper contains a case study comprising 28 interviews with State‐Authorised Auditors from the Big‐Four audit firms.Overall, the thesis provides systematic research that deepens understanding of how auditors make materiality judgments, and why they are heterogeneous. In particular, the thesis contributes with new evidence and adds to our knowledge about auditors’ materiality judgments in three ways. First, this understanding reveals how attempts from the regulators to ensure that the quintessential characteristic of the audit profession, i.e. the ability to make mindful professional judgments with professional scepticism, can result in the opposite i.e. a profession where compliance with rules, procedures and systems becomes so important that mindless judgment based on these systems are preferred at the cost of mindful professional judgment. This is a contribution to both materiality theory and to auditing theory as a whole.Second, the thesis provides evidence that all three theoretically‐established institutional logics (professional, corporate and market logic) co‐exist and interact in auditors’ materiality judgments, although the professional and corporate logics are more dominant than the market logic. Sometimes, there is a cooperative, mutually strengthening relationship between the logics; at other times, they are competing, conflicting or even repress each other. This might be part of the explanation for heterogeneous materiality judgments, since the outcome of the assessment will vary depending on the logic(s) used. Where an assessment based on professional logic will emphasize the mindful use of professional judgment (the correct materiality level in relation to the public good), corporate logic will emphasize mindless compliance with rules and the use of default choices (a materiality level based on the systems rules and regulations), and market logic will emphasize profit‐maximizing (in terms of as high a materiality level as possible).Third, this study contributes by showing how the accessibility of certain benchmarks and percentages used in the materiality judgment can, through priming, be made extremely high. This can lead to auditors using these accessible benchmarks and percentages and suppressing the applicability of other benchmarks or percentages that, based on the environmental stimuli in the situation, might be more applicable if all environmental stimuli were accounted for. As a result, a decoupling between the standards’ demands for professional judgment and the actual materiality judgment is found.In the end, by taking a holistic, original and deep look at auditors’ materiality judgments, and by providing a deeper understanding of how these judgments are made, this thesis opens up more of the ‘black box’ of auditors’ materiality judgments and contributes to existing materiality and auditing theory.
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
SN - 978-87-9330-413-0
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -