TY - GEN
T1 - Association of inflammatory and radiological factors with development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after acute intra-articular ankle fractures
AU - Pham, That Minh
PY - 2022/9/14
Y1 - 2022/9/14
N2 - Background and aims Intra-articular fractures are a major cause of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Despite adequatesurgical treatment, the long-term risk for PTOA is high. Joint injuries initiate an inflammatorycascade characterized by elevation of synovial pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead tocartilage degradation and PTOA development, a situation which to date has been largely ignored instandard fracture treatment. In addition to high body mass index (BMI), age over 30 years, andfracture complexity, fracture malreduction during surgery has been reported to influence functionaloutcome and development of PTOA. Several radiographic parameters on plain X-ray and computedtomography (CT) have been proposed as criteria for a good fracture reduction. No consensus has beenreached, however, and the most important criteria for functional outcome after ankle surgery havenot yet been determined. In complex comminuted ankle fractures, it is not always possible for thesurgeon to reduce the fracture perfectly during surgery, so it is crucial to identify the most importantradiographic criteria for fracture reduction as well as their association with PTOA and functionaloutcome.The overall aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the inflammatory cytokines following intra-articular fractures, examine whether elevation of these cytokines is associated with a poor functional outcome in intra-articular ankle fracture patients, and to identify which radiographicfracture reduction criteria are most important for functional outcomes after ankle surgery. Study designs and findingsStudy I: In a systematic review, we summarized the literature on the post-injury regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the markers of cartilage destruction in patients suffering from intraarticular fractures. Two investigators assessed the quality of the included studies using Covidenceand the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Six cross-sectional studies were included in the finalqualitative synthesis.Based on the surveyed literature, the synovial concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TNF-α were found to be significantly elevatedfollowing intra-articular fractures compared to different control groups. No difference was found for ACG, CTX-II, and IL-13. Despite methodological differences in the six included studies, thesefindings were supported by the results of all studies. The potential cartilage degrading effect of theanalyzed cytokines may be further examined to better determine the risk of later PTOA development. Study II: In a cross-sectional study, synovial fluid (SF) and plasma of 47 patients with acute intraarticular ankle fractures and eight patients undergoing implant removal were collected prior tosurgery. We determined concentrations of 16 inflammatory cytokines, two cartilage degradationproteins, and four metabolic proteins and compared the levels in acutely injured ankles with those ofthe healthy contralateral side or during implant removal. Cytokine levels in injured ankles were alsocompared to serum cytokine levels.We found elevated levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70,TNF-α, IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) and simultaneously elevated levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in intra-articular ankle fractures comparedto healthy contralateral joints. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-6 levels were still elevated up to nine monthsafter ankle surgery. Finally, we found that ACG levels in the fractured ankle joint were positivelycorrelated to plasma ACG levels. This study contributes information about the initial inflammatorycascade after acute intra-articular ankle fracture and the following longer-term conditions in the jointspace. Study III: In the follow-up cohort study, the quality of fracture reduction based on nine criteria onplain X-rays and five criteria on weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans were evaluatedafter ankle surgery. Furthermore, we evaluate whether inflammatory cytokine levels post-injury wereassociated with functional outcome. After 3 and 12 months, we recorded scores on the AmericanOrthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, the Danish version of the Foot Function Index(FFI-DK), EQ-5D-5L index score, Kellgren Lawrence score, and joint space narrowing. We found that malreduction of Dime sign, oblique medial clear space, TF overlap, TF tilt and TFwidening were associated with worse scores on functional outcome. Elevation of IL-4 and TGF-β2levels were correlated to Kellgren Lawrence score and FFI-DK correspondingly. However, theremaining cytokines after acute ankle fracture were generally not correlated with functional outcomes at 12 months. Further studies with longer follow-up may be necessary to identify potentialassociations.
AB - Background and aims Intra-articular fractures are a major cause of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Despite adequatesurgical treatment, the long-term risk for PTOA is high. Joint injuries initiate an inflammatorycascade characterized by elevation of synovial pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead tocartilage degradation and PTOA development, a situation which to date has been largely ignored instandard fracture treatment. In addition to high body mass index (BMI), age over 30 years, andfracture complexity, fracture malreduction during surgery has been reported to influence functionaloutcome and development of PTOA. Several radiographic parameters on plain X-ray and computedtomography (CT) have been proposed as criteria for a good fracture reduction. No consensus has beenreached, however, and the most important criteria for functional outcome after ankle surgery havenot yet been determined. In complex comminuted ankle fractures, it is not always possible for thesurgeon to reduce the fracture perfectly during surgery, so it is crucial to identify the most importantradiographic criteria for fracture reduction as well as their association with PTOA and functionaloutcome.The overall aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the inflammatory cytokines following intra-articular fractures, examine whether elevation of these cytokines is associated with a poor functional outcome in intra-articular ankle fracture patients, and to identify which radiographicfracture reduction criteria are most important for functional outcomes after ankle surgery. Study designs and findingsStudy I: In a systematic review, we summarized the literature on the post-injury regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the markers of cartilage destruction in patients suffering from intraarticular fractures. Two investigators assessed the quality of the included studies using Covidenceand the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Six cross-sectional studies were included in the finalqualitative synthesis.Based on the surveyed literature, the synovial concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TNF-α were found to be significantly elevatedfollowing intra-articular fractures compared to different control groups. No difference was found for ACG, CTX-II, and IL-13. Despite methodological differences in the six included studies, thesefindings were supported by the results of all studies. The potential cartilage degrading effect of theanalyzed cytokines may be further examined to better determine the risk of later PTOA development. Study II: In a cross-sectional study, synovial fluid (SF) and plasma of 47 patients with acute intraarticular ankle fractures and eight patients undergoing implant removal were collected prior tosurgery. We determined concentrations of 16 inflammatory cytokines, two cartilage degradationproteins, and four metabolic proteins and compared the levels in acutely injured ankles with those ofthe healthy contralateral side or during implant removal. Cytokine levels in injured ankles were alsocompared to serum cytokine levels.We found elevated levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70,TNF-α, IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) and simultaneously elevated levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in intra-articular ankle fractures comparedto healthy contralateral joints. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-6 levels were still elevated up to nine monthsafter ankle surgery. Finally, we found that ACG levels in the fractured ankle joint were positivelycorrelated to plasma ACG levels. This study contributes information about the initial inflammatorycascade after acute intra-articular ankle fracture and the following longer-term conditions in the jointspace. Study III: In the follow-up cohort study, the quality of fracture reduction based on nine criteria onplain X-rays and five criteria on weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans were evaluatedafter ankle surgery. Furthermore, we evaluate whether inflammatory cytokine levels post-injury wereassociated with functional outcome. After 3 and 12 months, we recorded scores on the AmericanOrthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, the Danish version of the Foot Function Index(FFI-DK), EQ-5D-5L index score, Kellgren Lawrence score, and joint space narrowing. We found that malreduction of Dime sign, oblique medial clear space, TF overlap, TF tilt and TFwidening were associated with worse scores on functional outcome. Elevation of IL-4 and TGF-β2levels were correlated to Kellgren Lawrence score and FFI-DK correspondingly. However, theremaining cytokines after acute ankle fracture were generally not correlated with functional outcomes at 12 months. Further studies with longer follow-up may be necessary to identify potentialassociations.
U2 - 10.21996/4e9t-bj78
DO - 10.21996/4e9t-bj78
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -