TY - GEN
T1 - Assessment of the prerequisites and consequences of implementing digital pathology
AU - Mikkelsen, Minne Line Nedergaard
PY - 2024/11/25
Y1 - 2024/11/25
N2 - The Region of Southern Denmark was the first region in Denmark starting to implement
digital pathology (DIPA) in 2020. This digitization was going to have a fundamental impact
on the activities, the tasks and workflow for the staff at the departments of clinical
pathology at the regional hospitals. This including the shift from microscope to computer
screens for the pathologists and the possibility to send digital images to other regions or
countries. Despite increasing digitization of the healthcare sector, the digitization of
pathology might be an area where the upheaval was greatest. Therefore, the experiences
from these departments might provide valuable information about the impact of
digitization of hospitals, as described in the recommendations by the Danish commission
for structural improvements in the health care system “Strukturkommissionen” in the
spring 2024, which will be relevant for implementation processes in general in the coming
years.The overall objective of this PhD project was to assess changes in individual procedures
and workflows at departmental level as well as changes in efficiency due to the
implementation of DIPA in the Region of Southern Denmark. In addition, the project could
produce information relevant for decisions on how to implement digital solutions within
health care in Denmark and other countries in the coming years. The specific aims of the
project were: 1) To assess the attitudes, expectations and experiences among the clinical
staff regarding readiness for and adaptation of DIPA in the Region of Southern Denmark 2)
To estimate the impact of DIPA on the time used per patient case.
To explore these aims two projects were carried out:
Project I to answer aim 1 and project II to answer aim 2.Project I (manuscript 1-2) was a mixed-method study. The project consisted of data from
three rounds of semi-structured interviews made with representatives from each group of
profession: secretaries, laboratory technicians, pathologists/interns, and management incl.
the project lead from two of the four departments of pathology in the region. The interview
rounds were conducted before and then, 9 -14 months and 33 months after commencing
the implementation of DIPA. In all 51 interviews were conducted. Besides the interviews, a
questionnaire survey was made and also in three rounds.The questionnaire included the Normalisation MeAsure Development (NoMAD)
questionnaire, designed for measuring an implementation process from the perspective of
health care professionals involved in the implementation. NoMAD is based on the
Normalization Process theory that tries to explain the work of implementation through the
actions performed by the staff individually and collectively.
Besides NoMAD, the questionnaire included supplementary questions from themes
identified in the interviews that had been conducted beforehand. The questionnaires were
sent out in three rounds. After each ended round of interviews, a questionnaire was sent
out to employees at all four departments of pathology in the region. In the first round, 68 %
completed the questionnaire, hereafter 54 % and finally 46 % of the potential respondents. The qualitative results in project 1 found that there was a period during the
implementation where the staff was frustrated over the new intervention. After a period of
habituation, the satisfaction arose again. This was not confirmed in the quantitative
questionnaire survey though, which instead showed that the staff was getting more and
more positive during the implementation. A little drop in satisfaction in the category
‘Cognitive participation’ was seen at some point in the round during the implementation in
the answers from the laboratory technicians. Moreover, the employees found the
implementation process suboptimal as a consequence of lack of communication and
transparency from the management, less training in using DIPA prior to the
implementation and allocation of resources. To investigate the use of DIPA’s impact on the turnaround times (efficiency) project II was
conducted with analysis of data at individual level and at departmental level. At the
individual level the impact was explored by having four pathologists that measured their
time of diagnostic and turnaround time at selected types of cases. For each pathologist 50
simple and 30 complex cases were examined before and after the implementation of DIPA.
To investigate the impact of DIPA at departmental level turnaround times for all four
departments of pathology in the region were drawn from two databases, the Laboratory
Information System and The Danish Pathology Data Bank, for each of the three phases –
before, during and after the implementation. For analyzing data a mixed-effects model was
used. The time study (project II) showed that the efficiency with the use of DIPA at individual
level depended on the single pathologist, their efficiency with the microscope and
readiness for transitioning to DIPA. It seemed that DIPA increased the efficiency when used
for complex cases. At departmental level the smaller departments experienced a
statistically significant improvement in efficiency at the turnaround times with DIPA
whereas especially one of the larger departments experienced a decrease in the efficiency
after implementing DIPA.From these findings, we can conclude that the implementation of DIPA in the Region of
Southern Denmark has succeeded and DIPA has to a high degree been normalized. The
employees had a high level of readiness prior to the implementation, but found the
implementation process to be suboptimal among others because of lack of communication,
training in DIPA and allocation of resources. Furthermore, by implementing DIPA it cannot
be expected that it necessarily increases the efficiency of all pathologists and departments.
There are many benefits of DIPA especially on the long term where it opens up for the
interaction with artificial intelligence. Regarding the findings of this PhD project in future implementations of digital solutions in
the health care sector, it seems to be important that the management focuses on getting the
employees to maintain faith and trust in the project throughout the implementation. In
addition, the management must continuously make evaluations of the process to figure out
where to allocate resources. This could for example be done with NoMAD that did work
well in this setting. The results from the PhD project contributes to the understanding of potential impacts of
implementing new digitalized systems in the healthcare system - both on individual and
departmental level - and can thereby serve as an inspiration for improving future
implementation processes. Furthermore, the rest of the pathology departments in the other regions in Denmark will
follow with implementation of DIPA, and the results from this project could contribute to
faster and better implementations at those departments.
AB - The Region of Southern Denmark was the first region in Denmark starting to implement
digital pathology (DIPA) in 2020. This digitization was going to have a fundamental impact
on the activities, the tasks and workflow for the staff at the departments of clinical
pathology at the regional hospitals. This including the shift from microscope to computer
screens for the pathologists and the possibility to send digital images to other regions or
countries. Despite increasing digitization of the healthcare sector, the digitization of
pathology might be an area where the upheaval was greatest. Therefore, the experiences
from these departments might provide valuable information about the impact of
digitization of hospitals, as described in the recommendations by the Danish commission
for structural improvements in the health care system “Strukturkommissionen” in the
spring 2024, which will be relevant for implementation processes in general in the coming
years.The overall objective of this PhD project was to assess changes in individual procedures
and workflows at departmental level as well as changes in efficiency due to the
implementation of DIPA in the Region of Southern Denmark. In addition, the project could
produce information relevant for decisions on how to implement digital solutions within
health care in Denmark and other countries in the coming years. The specific aims of the
project were: 1) To assess the attitudes, expectations and experiences among the clinical
staff regarding readiness for and adaptation of DIPA in the Region of Southern Denmark 2)
To estimate the impact of DIPA on the time used per patient case.
To explore these aims two projects were carried out:
Project I to answer aim 1 and project II to answer aim 2.Project I (manuscript 1-2) was a mixed-method study. The project consisted of data from
three rounds of semi-structured interviews made with representatives from each group of
profession: secretaries, laboratory technicians, pathologists/interns, and management incl.
the project lead from two of the four departments of pathology in the region. The interview
rounds were conducted before and then, 9 -14 months and 33 months after commencing
the implementation of DIPA. In all 51 interviews were conducted. Besides the interviews, a
questionnaire survey was made and also in three rounds.The questionnaire included the Normalisation MeAsure Development (NoMAD)
questionnaire, designed for measuring an implementation process from the perspective of
health care professionals involved in the implementation. NoMAD is based on the
Normalization Process theory that tries to explain the work of implementation through the
actions performed by the staff individually and collectively.
Besides NoMAD, the questionnaire included supplementary questions from themes
identified in the interviews that had been conducted beforehand. The questionnaires were
sent out in three rounds. After each ended round of interviews, a questionnaire was sent
out to employees at all four departments of pathology in the region. In the first round, 68 %
completed the questionnaire, hereafter 54 % and finally 46 % of the potential respondents. The qualitative results in project 1 found that there was a period during the
implementation where the staff was frustrated over the new intervention. After a period of
habituation, the satisfaction arose again. This was not confirmed in the quantitative
questionnaire survey though, which instead showed that the staff was getting more and
more positive during the implementation. A little drop in satisfaction in the category
‘Cognitive participation’ was seen at some point in the round during the implementation in
the answers from the laboratory technicians. Moreover, the employees found the
implementation process suboptimal as a consequence of lack of communication and
transparency from the management, less training in using DIPA prior to the
implementation and allocation of resources. To investigate the use of DIPA’s impact on the turnaround times (efficiency) project II was
conducted with analysis of data at individual level and at departmental level. At the
individual level the impact was explored by having four pathologists that measured their
time of diagnostic and turnaround time at selected types of cases. For each pathologist 50
simple and 30 complex cases were examined before and after the implementation of DIPA.
To investigate the impact of DIPA at departmental level turnaround times for all four
departments of pathology in the region were drawn from two databases, the Laboratory
Information System and The Danish Pathology Data Bank, for each of the three phases –
before, during and after the implementation. For analyzing data a mixed-effects model was
used. The time study (project II) showed that the efficiency with the use of DIPA at individual
level depended on the single pathologist, their efficiency with the microscope and
readiness for transitioning to DIPA. It seemed that DIPA increased the efficiency when used
for complex cases. At departmental level the smaller departments experienced a
statistically significant improvement in efficiency at the turnaround times with DIPA
whereas especially one of the larger departments experienced a decrease in the efficiency
after implementing DIPA.From these findings, we can conclude that the implementation of DIPA in the Region of
Southern Denmark has succeeded and DIPA has to a high degree been normalized. The
employees had a high level of readiness prior to the implementation, but found the
implementation process to be suboptimal among others because of lack of communication,
training in DIPA and allocation of resources. Furthermore, by implementing DIPA it cannot
be expected that it necessarily increases the efficiency of all pathologists and departments.
There are many benefits of DIPA especially on the long term where it opens up for the
interaction with artificial intelligence. Regarding the findings of this PhD project in future implementations of digital solutions in
the health care sector, it seems to be important that the management focuses on getting the
employees to maintain faith and trust in the project throughout the implementation. In
addition, the management must continuously make evaluations of the process to figure out
where to allocate resources. This could for example be done with NoMAD that did work
well in this setting. The results from the PhD project contributes to the understanding of potential impacts of
implementing new digitalized systems in the healthcare system - both on individual and
departmental level - and can thereby serve as an inspiration for improving future
implementation processes. Furthermore, the rest of the pathology departments in the other regions in Denmark will
follow with implementation of DIPA, and the results from this project could contribute to
faster and better implementations at those departments.
U2 - 10.21996/z0vd-4h74
DO - 10.21996/z0vd-4h74
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -