TY - GEN
T1 - A study of Community Reinforcement and Family Training in Denmark
AU - Hellum, Rikke
PY - 2022/11/3
Y1 - 2022/11/3
N2 - Background: Around 585,000 people in Denmark engage in harmful use of alcohol with 148,000suffering from alcohol dependence. The concerned significant others (CSOs) are often sufferingalmost as much as the person with alcohol use disorder. Being in a relationship with a heavydrinker is often stressful, leads to frequent conflicts, and the CSOs are often exposed toaggression, psychological and sometimes physical abuse from the heavy drinker. At the sametime, the CSOs feel substantial responsibility for the person concerned, even while often feelinglet down and demeaned by them. Several interventions have been developed aiming at helpingCSOs. One of them is Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT), an interventionparticularly developed to help CSOs of treatment-reluctant people with alcohol problems. CRAFTaims at offering the CSO strategies and tools to use during daily contact with the drinking personin order to increase the likelihood of treatment-seeking. CRAFT is also aimed at increasing thequality of life of the CSO, regardless of whether the drinking person enters treatment. In Denmark,help for CSOs is free of charge and is offered in most of the public treatment institutions.However, the content and extent of help varies a lot from municipality to municipality since it isnot statutory to offer help to CSOs. CRAFT has shown promising results abroad and wasrecommended in the National Clinical Guidelines on Alcohol Treatment in 2015 as the mosteffective treatment for CSOs. Therefore, with this study we wanted to improve the treatment ofCSOs of people with alcohol problems in Denmark by introducing CRAFT to the operating publictreatment institutions in Denmark and thereby. empowering the CSOs to create changes in theirfamily environment; changes that increase the likelihood of the addicted person seeking treatmentand the CSOs’ own quality of life increase.Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to compare the effect of three different formats of CRAFTand the experiences of CRAFT in Danish Alcohol treatment from different perspectives, theparticipants’ perspective, the therapists’ perspective, and outcome of treatment seeking andmental health, depending on the method of delivery. The thesis is based on four papers with thefollowing specific aims:• Paper I: To investigate how CSOs of people with alcohol problems experience being closeto an individual who drinks excessively but is reluctant to reduce drinking and to seektreatment. Moreover, this study investigates what led to the CSOs seeking professional help.• Paper II: To investigate the three formats for delivering CRAFT (individual, open group,self-administered) in a RCT. It was hypothesized that:- CSOs randomly assigned to receive six sessions of CRAFT delivered in either theindividual format or the open group format would be able to motivate their IP to enter63treatment significantly more often than CSOs randomly assigned to self-administeredCRAFT.- Six sessions of CRAFT delivered in open group would improve the quality of life andpsychological functioning of the CSOs significantly more than both individual andself-administered CRAFT.• Paper III: To investigate the drivers and aims underlying CRAFT participation, as well asto study the experience with, and preferences regarding, CRAFT specific modules asviewed from the CSO’s perspective, based on a sub-sample of CSOs who took part in theRCT.• Paper IV: To investigate the therapists experiences while working with CSOs and CRAFT.Method: Since CRAFT was an intervention strategy previously relatively unknown to the Danishtreatment sector, a cluster-randomized trial was designed to investigate how to implementCRAFT and disseminate knowledge about CRAFT to staff in the treatment facilities. Eighteenpublic treatment institutions for alcohol use disorders were randomly assigned to deliver CRAFTin one of the three formats as part of their daily clinical routine. CSOs were recruited viapamphlets, general practitioners, and advertisements on social media. Trained clinicians deliveredCRAFT in individual and group format. All enrolled participants received the self-help book. Theprimary outcome was treatment engagement of the IP after three months. Moreover, we alsoinvestigated the CSOs and therapists experience’ of CRAFT. We used a qualitative design andinterviewed 12 CSOs of people with alcohol problems who had participated in the RCT study.The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using InterpretativePhenomenological Analysis. Furthermore, we conducted three focus group interviews with 17therapists who had delivered the intervention in the RCT study. The interviews were transcribedand analyzed using a thematic analysis.Results: Most of the CSOs who participated in the present study were severely affected by theIP’s behaviors which were expressed as unsafe situations, verbal violence, and losing their homesas safe havens resulting in stress and strain for the CSOs. A total of 249 CSOs were enrolled andrandomly assigned to receive CRAFT delivered using the individual, group, or self-help format.Of the 144 (60%) CSOs who completed the three-month follow-up, 26% (n=37) reported thattheir drinking person had sought treatment for their AUD. Among the CSOs who participated ineither CRAFT in the group or individual format, 29 % (n=32) reported that their drinking relativehad engaged in treatment, and from the self-help it was 15 % (n=5) who at the three-month followup reported that the drinking relative had started treatment. The difference betweenindividual/group vs. self-help was, however, not statistically significant (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.27(95% CI: 0.80, 6.41). At the six-month follow-up, 118 (55%) of the CSOs completed the followup questionnaire. Of the 41% (n=48) of the CSOs, who completed the six-month follow-up,64reported that their IP was now engaged in treatment. For the CSOs who received CRAFT inindividual format or group format it was 43% (n= 39) and 32% (n=9) of the CSOs in the self-helpformat. The difference between the intervention for individual/group vs. self-help was not, at thesix-month follow-up, statistically significant OR = 1.61 (0.66, 3.97)). CSOs in all threeintervention groups experienced a small decrease in depression score and an improvement of mostof the QOL-domains. Also, here the difference between the groups was not significant.CSOs reported CRAFT helpful when delivered by means of individual sessions or group sessions.The “communication element” in CRAFT, the module focusing on positive reinforcement andacquiring a clearer understanding of AUD, appeared to be a particularly helpful element ofCRAFT. Furthermore, being met with acceptance and non-judgmental attitudes seemed to counthighly for the CSOs. The written material was a helpful supplement to the face-to-faceinterventions.Before CRAFT, the therapists worked in very dissimilar ways to help CSOs. The therapists whodelivered CRAFT in the individual and group formats were, overall, very satisfied with theintervention. The therapists emphasized the structure of CRAFT as being very positive and,together with the treatment manual and the written material on CRAFT, they felt they could workprofessionally with the CSOs. The therapists who delivered CRAFT in the self-administeredformat were also satisfied with the written material but, for most of the CSOs, it could not standalone as the only help.Conclusion: The thesis compared the effectiveness of three formats of CRAFT and experienceof CRAFT in Danish public alcohol treatment institutions through a RCT study and qualitativeinterviews. According to treatment engagement, one third of the CSOs who received CRAFT ingroup format or individual format reported that their drinking person had engaged in treatment atthe three- month follow-up. At the six-month follow-up, nearly half of the CSOs who receivedCRAFT in the group format, or the individual format were followed up. The engagement rate wasnot significantly different for the group of CSOs who received the self-help book only. Due toproblems in recruiting enough CSOs and a low follow-up rate, the RCT study was underpoweredin relation to showing a significant effect of one format over another format of CRAFT. CRAFTwas well received by the CSOs who participated in CRAFT in the individual or group format.Though, the experiences from the CSOs and therapists indicate that, for most of the CSOs, theself-help book cannot stand alone as an offer since the CSOs often are strained and need moresupport from a therapist. The therapist felt it easy to adapt to the CRAFT program. CRAFT helpedthem work in a more structured and tool-based manner than they were used to, which made thetherapists feel more comfortable in their professional role.
AB - Background: Around 585,000 people in Denmark engage in harmful use of alcohol with 148,000suffering from alcohol dependence. The concerned significant others (CSOs) are often sufferingalmost as much as the person with alcohol use disorder. Being in a relationship with a heavydrinker is often stressful, leads to frequent conflicts, and the CSOs are often exposed toaggression, psychological and sometimes physical abuse from the heavy drinker. At the sametime, the CSOs feel substantial responsibility for the person concerned, even while often feelinglet down and demeaned by them. Several interventions have been developed aiming at helpingCSOs. One of them is Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT), an interventionparticularly developed to help CSOs of treatment-reluctant people with alcohol problems. CRAFTaims at offering the CSO strategies and tools to use during daily contact with the drinking personin order to increase the likelihood of treatment-seeking. CRAFT is also aimed at increasing thequality of life of the CSO, regardless of whether the drinking person enters treatment. In Denmark,help for CSOs is free of charge and is offered in most of the public treatment institutions.However, the content and extent of help varies a lot from municipality to municipality since it isnot statutory to offer help to CSOs. CRAFT has shown promising results abroad and wasrecommended in the National Clinical Guidelines on Alcohol Treatment in 2015 as the mosteffective treatment for CSOs. Therefore, with this study we wanted to improve the treatment ofCSOs of people with alcohol problems in Denmark by introducing CRAFT to the operating publictreatment institutions in Denmark and thereby. empowering the CSOs to create changes in theirfamily environment; changes that increase the likelihood of the addicted person seeking treatmentand the CSOs’ own quality of life increase.Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to compare the effect of three different formats of CRAFTand the experiences of CRAFT in Danish Alcohol treatment from different perspectives, theparticipants’ perspective, the therapists’ perspective, and outcome of treatment seeking andmental health, depending on the method of delivery. The thesis is based on four papers with thefollowing specific aims:• Paper I: To investigate how CSOs of people with alcohol problems experience being closeto an individual who drinks excessively but is reluctant to reduce drinking and to seektreatment. Moreover, this study investigates what led to the CSOs seeking professional help.• Paper II: To investigate the three formats for delivering CRAFT (individual, open group,self-administered) in a RCT. It was hypothesized that:- CSOs randomly assigned to receive six sessions of CRAFT delivered in either theindividual format or the open group format would be able to motivate their IP to enter63treatment significantly more often than CSOs randomly assigned to self-administeredCRAFT.- Six sessions of CRAFT delivered in open group would improve the quality of life andpsychological functioning of the CSOs significantly more than both individual andself-administered CRAFT.• Paper III: To investigate the drivers and aims underlying CRAFT participation, as well asto study the experience with, and preferences regarding, CRAFT specific modules asviewed from the CSO’s perspective, based on a sub-sample of CSOs who took part in theRCT.• Paper IV: To investigate the therapists experiences while working with CSOs and CRAFT.Method: Since CRAFT was an intervention strategy previously relatively unknown to the Danishtreatment sector, a cluster-randomized trial was designed to investigate how to implementCRAFT and disseminate knowledge about CRAFT to staff in the treatment facilities. Eighteenpublic treatment institutions for alcohol use disorders were randomly assigned to deliver CRAFTin one of the three formats as part of their daily clinical routine. CSOs were recruited viapamphlets, general practitioners, and advertisements on social media. Trained clinicians deliveredCRAFT in individual and group format. All enrolled participants received the self-help book. Theprimary outcome was treatment engagement of the IP after three months. Moreover, we alsoinvestigated the CSOs and therapists experience’ of CRAFT. We used a qualitative design andinterviewed 12 CSOs of people with alcohol problems who had participated in the RCT study.The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using InterpretativePhenomenological Analysis. Furthermore, we conducted three focus group interviews with 17therapists who had delivered the intervention in the RCT study. The interviews were transcribedand analyzed using a thematic analysis.Results: Most of the CSOs who participated in the present study were severely affected by theIP’s behaviors which were expressed as unsafe situations, verbal violence, and losing their homesas safe havens resulting in stress and strain for the CSOs. A total of 249 CSOs were enrolled andrandomly assigned to receive CRAFT delivered using the individual, group, or self-help format.Of the 144 (60%) CSOs who completed the three-month follow-up, 26% (n=37) reported thattheir drinking person had sought treatment for their AUD. Among the CSOs who participated ineither CRAFT in the group or individual format, 29 % (n=32) reported that their drinking relativehad engaged in treatment, and from the self-help it was 15 % (n=5) who at the three-month followup reported that the drinking relative had started treatment. The difference betweenindividual/group vs. self-help was, however, not statistically significant (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.27(95% CI: 0.80, 6.41). At the six-month follow-up, 118 (55%) of the CSOs completed the followup questionnaire. Of the 41% (n=48) of the CSOs, who completed the six-month follow-up,64reported that their IP was now engaged in treatment. For the CSOs who received CRAFT inindividual format or group format it was 43% (n= 39) and 32% (n=9) of the CSOs in the self-helpformat. The difference between the intervention for individual/group vs. self-help was not, at thesix-month follow-up, statistically significant OR = 1.61 (0.66, 3.97)). CSOs in all threeintervention groups experienced a small decrease in depression score and an improvement of mostof the QOL-domains. Also, here the difference between the groups was not significant.CSOs reported CRAFT helpful when delivered by means of individual sessions or group sessions.The “communication element” in CRAFT, the module focusing on positive reinforcement andacquiring a clearer understanding of AUD, appeared to be a particularly helpful element ofCRAFT. Furthermore, being met with acceptance and non-judgmental attitudes seemed to counthighly for the CSOs. The written material was a helpful supplement to the face-to-faceinterventions.Before CRAFT, the therapists worked in very dissimilar ways to help CSOs. The therapists whodelivered CRAFT in the individual and group formats were, overall, very satisfied with theintervention. The therapists emphasized the structure of CRAFT as being very positive and,together with the treatment manual and the written material on CRAFT, they felt they could workprofessionally with the CSOs. The therapists who delivered CRAFT in the self-administeredformat were also satisfied with the written material but, for most of the CSOs, it could not standalone as the only help.Conclusion: The thesis compared the effectiveness of three formats of CRAFT and experienceof CRAFT in Danish public alcohol treatment institutions through a RCT study and qualitativeinterviews. According to treatment engagement, one third of the CSOs who received CRAFT ingroup format or individual format reported that their drinking person had engaged in treatment atthe three- month follow-up. At the six-month follow-up, nearly half of the CSOs who receivedCRAFT in the group format, or the individual format were followed up. The engagement rate wasnot significantly different for the group of CSOs who received the self-help book only. Due toproblems in recruiting enough CSOs and a low follow-up rate, the RCT study was underpoweredin relation to showing a significant effect of one format over another format of CRAFT. CRAFTwas well received by the CSOs who participated in CRAFT in the individual or group format.Though, the experiences from the CSOs and therapists indicate that, for most of the CSOs, theself-help book cannot stand alone as an offer since the CSOs often are strained and need moresupport from a therapist. The therapist felt it easy to adapt to the CRAFT program. CRAFT helpedthem work in a more structured and tool-based manner than they were used to, which made thetherapists feel more comfortable in their professional role.
U2 - 10.21996/ceb6-fr65
DO - 10.21996/ceb6-fr65
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -